Table 1 Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of senior citizens by household food security status
From: Food insecurity among senior citizens in high out-migration areas: evidence from Western Nepal
| Characteristics | Total Sample n = 260 | Food Security status | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food Secure | Food Insecure | |||
| n = 152 (58.5%) | n = 108 (41.5%) | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Migration of adult children | 0.020* | |||
| No | 127 (48.8) | 65 (42.8) | 62 (57.4) | |
| Yes | 133 (51.2) | 87 (57.2) | 46 (42.6) | |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 68.9 ± 7.6 | 69.4 ± 6.9 | 68.1 ± 8.4 | 0.192a |
| Age category | < 0.001* | |||
| 60–69 | 148 (56.9) | 72 (47.4) | 76 (70.4) | |
| ≥ 70 years | 112 (43.1) | 80 (52.6) | 32 (29.6) | |
| Sex | 0.739 | |||
| Male | 150 (57.7) | 89 (58.6) | 61 (56.5) | |
| Female | 110 (42.3) | 63 (41.4) | 47 (43.5) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.120 | |||
| Upper Caste | 174 (66.9) | 109 (71.7) | 65 (60.2) | |
| Janajatis | 53 (20.4) | 25 (16.4) | 28 (25.9) | |
| Dalit | 33 (12.7) | 18 (11.8) | 15 (13.9) | |
| Family structure | 0.599 | |||
| Nuclear | 11 (4.2) | 8 (5.3) | 3 (2.8) | |
| Joint | 154 (59.2) | 90 (59.2) | 64 (59.3) | |
| Extended | 95 (36.5) | 54 (35.5) | 41 (38.0) | |
| Smoking status | < 0.001* | |||
| No | 176 (67.7) | 124 (81.6) | 52 (48.1) | |
| Yes | 84 (32.3) | 28 (18.4) | 56 (51.9) | |
| Family’s monthly income (USD) | ||||
| < 100 | 170 (65.4) | 87 (57.2) | 83 (76.9) | 0.001* |
| ≥ 100 | 90 (34.6) | 65 (42.8) | 25 (23.1) | |
| Family’s monthly income (USD) (median ± IQR) | 80.90 ± 80.91 | 97.08 ± 85.36 | 64.72 ± 58.25 | |
| Primary income source of family | 0.012* | |||
| Agriculture | 145 (55.8) | 77 (50.7) | 68 (63.0) | |
| Business | 29 (11.2) | 23 (15.1) | 6 (5.6) | |
| Service /Pension/Allowance | 34 (13.1) | 25 (16.4) | 9 (8.3) | |
| Wages-based labor | 52 (20.0) | 27 (17.8) | 25 (23.1) | |
| Own cultivable land | < 0.001* | |||
| No | 38 (14.6) | 10 (6.6) | 28 (25.9) | |
| Yes | 222 (85.4) | 142 (93.4) | 80 (74.1) | |
| Geriatric allowance recipient | 0.001* | |||
| No | 153 (58.8) | 76 (50.0) | 77 (71.3) | |
| Yes | 107 (41.2) | 76 (50.0) | 31 (28.7) | |